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Currently Playing: The Fall And Rise of India

India’s road from ancient wealth to colonial drain and modern recovery: • Pre‑colonial supremacy – Positioned on Silk Road and Indian Ocean spice routes, the Ganges‑Indus heartland commanded world GDP with pepper, cinnamon, cotton, steel and ship‑building. • European entry – Ottoman tariffs spurred Portuguese caravels; Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498. Coastal forts primed the 1600 British East India Company (EIC) monopoly. • Company conquest – Mughal overstretch let the EIC win Plassey (1757) and seize Bengal revenues. The “Doctrine of Lapse” and divide‑and‑rule tactics converted princely states into British satellites. • Colonial extraction – Cash land taxes, 80 % duties on Indian textiles, indigo–opium plantations and bullion exports de‑industrialised India and triggered famines (1770, 1876, 1943). • Resistance movements – 1857 Revolt, 1885 Indian National Congress, Gandhi’s non‑violence, Salt March and Quit India campaign followed the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre. • Partition & independence – WWII fatigue forced Britain to quit; 1947 Partition birthed India and Pakistan (later Bangladesh) amid sectarian bloodshed and princely mergers (Hyderabad, Kashmir, Goa). • Command economy – Nehru’s Five‑Year Plans and Soviet‑style state ownership created the “License Raj”; Green Revolution ended chronic food deficits but growth remained modest. • Liberalisation era – The 1991 balance‑of‑payments crisis sparked Manmohan Singh’s reforms: tariff cuts, PSU privatisation, FDI inflows and IT‑services hubs in Bangalore, Hyderabad and Pune. • Contemporary outlook – Digital payments, renewable energy, Make‑in‑India manufacturing and Indo‑Pacific strategy fuel 6‑7 % GDP growth, while infrastructure gaps, NPL‑burdened banks, education, healthcare and climate risk remain challenges. Credits - Research: Mrs Scope - Audio: Seb. Soto - Writing, voice over, and animation: Avery from History Scope Social Media - Patreon: patreon.com/Historyscope - Discord: https://discord.gg/JYCYPvqba6 - Twitter: https://twitter.com/ScopeHistory - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/officialhistoryscope/ - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/averythingchannel/ Sources: S. Tharoor (2016) Inglorious Empire. C Hurst & Co. London A. von Tunzelmann (2007) Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire. Simon & Schuster. New York. S. Tharoor (2016) Inglorious Empire. C Hurst & Co. London A. von Tunzelmann (2007) Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire. Simon & Schuster. New York. Credits Image of Commonwealth of Nations: France-Pt9301. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. `1 Instrumental Oriental Music of India. Date 27 December 2015 Source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qv5CQrEs-rM Author Music by Michael J. Burkard 2 Jai Bharati is composed by M. Dias and arranged by J. Rodriguez. The following is performance by the Indian Navy Band at Indian Navy Band Concert 2020. Date 6 December 2020 Source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnyHNvI6fss (on Indian Navy's Official YouTube channel) Author Indian Navy Other versions https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/watch-jai-bharati-played-by-indian-naval-band/videoshow/80091119.cms?from=mdr 3 Shri Nilotpala Nayike, rendered on the Veena by L Ramakishnan 4 Veena Kinhal - Haratanaya Sree 5 English: This musical program based on Indian classical music informs about Bandish, Sargam, Aroha, Avaroha, Gat and Gayan of the Raga বাংলা: ভারতীয় শাস্ত্রীয় সঙ্গীতের ওপর আধারিত এই সঙ্গীত কার্যক্রম এই রাগের বন্দিশ, সরগম, আরোহ, অবরোহ, গত ও গায়নের ব্যাপারে তথ্যপ্রদান করে। Date 21 July 2016 Source YouTube: Rag Bahar / राग बहार – View/save archived versions on archive.org and archive.today Author NCERT OFFICIAL 6 L. Ramakrishnan: instrumental (Veena) improvisation – Alapana and tAnam – in the rAga kIravANI, recorded at Lars Nesbakken's home studio in Portland, Oregon, on January 1, 2004. Date 1 January 2004 Source https://archive.org/details/LR_kIravANI Author L Ramakrishnan 7 Wheel Of Karma Artist: http://audionautix.com/