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Currently Playing: How do computers work? (from scratch, no prior knowledge needed)

If you've ever wondered why computers behave the way they do, not just how to use them, but how they actually work under the hood, then this is the video for you. We start with understanding what people say when claiming that "computers speak in 0's and 1's". We'll then learn how computers understand numbers, how we can build circuits to add numbers, and eventually scaling this up to building an entire processor from scratch, leaving no questions unanswered. To end the video, we'll take a look at the CPU of the original iPhone, and write some code in that processor's "language" that we can run on a real processor! This is the video that I wish had existed when I first set out to learn how computers actually work. No prior knowledge necessary. Website I mention in the video which has more examples: https://github.com/milen-patel/cpu_tutorial ROM Information from 07:53:27: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/108MHR5kCd2tl38dsFmMpXsPD-Xn_rS9F6DZ_Ka0XoSM/edit?usp=sharing Chapters: 00:00:00 - Introduction 00:06:24 - How Humans Represent Numbers (Decimal) 00:18:24 - How Computers Represent Numbers (Introduction to Binary) 00:31:38 - Converting from Decimal to Binary (Human-mode to Computer-mode) 00:46:16 - How does addition work in binary? 00:56:45 - Representing Negative Numbers in Binary 01:09:09 - How to Negate a Number in Binary 01:11:35 - How does subtraction work in binary? 01:16:45 - Introduction to Logic Gates 01:32:19 - Constructing a circuit out of logic gates 01:37:31 - Building a selector with logic gates 01:53:10 - Using logic gates for simple addition of binary numbers (Half-Adder) 02:03:41 - Where the half adder falls short 02:07:14 - Constructing a full adder for correct addition of binary numbers 02:25:36 - Chaining Adders together for multi-bit addition 02:43:46 - Building a full 8-bit addition circuit (ALU) 02:56:05 - Enabling subtraction in our circuit 03:19:57 - Introduction to Sequential Logic 03:27:34 - Storing Data with Logic Gates (Latches) 03:52:52 - Introducing the Flip-Flip, a better Latch 04:09:48 - Bridging back to the ALU 04:11:59 - Saving the output of our ALU 04:20:20 - Manipulating the ALU to build a circuit that counts numbers 04:26:19 - Random Access Memory (RAM) 04:55:26 - Building RAM from Logic Gates 05:18:50 - Connecting RAM and the ALU 05:20:56 - Introducing the BUS 05:40:25 - Adding a display to our computer (7 Segment Display) 05:57:12 - Read Only Memory (ROM) 06:07:52 - Making our display stateful 06:28:55 - What happens when we start chaining operations? 06:32:30 - What are Instructions? 06:34:46 - The Instruction Register 06:39:12 - Building the first Instruction for our CPU 06:55:31 - Synchronizing the computer, introduction of the Clock 07:05:00 - Program Counter 07:13:03 - Clock Timing of Our First Instruction 07:19:37 - Designing the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) 07:29:09 - Branching in Code 07:34:37 - Adding a Flags Register to the ALU 07:48:10 - Introducing Control, the "Brains" of our computer 07:53:27 - Implementing Control as ROM 08:14:15 - In Detail Timing of Each CPU Instruction 09:01:40 - How Condition Instructions are Implemented 09:15:15 - Writing our First Computer Program! 09:29:11 - Executing our First Program 09:44:29 - Counting Fibonacci Sequence on our Computer 10:13:12 - Physically constructing our conceptual computer 10:21:10 - Naming and History of Computer (SAP) 10:27:20 - The original iPhone processor 10:43:12 - ARMv6 Overview 10:57:31 - Hexadecimal Mini-Course 11:04:06 - How does our CPU draw to a screen? (Introduction to MMIO) 11:14:00 - Looking at a real micro-controller 11:17:44 - Programming our computer to turn on a light 11:47:49 - Running our code on the computer 11:49:55 - Where I would continue if we had more time 11:53:26 - Conclusion